Q: Which of the following pathways correctly describes the sequence of hormone release in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

$$\text{CRH} \rightarrow \text{ACTH} \rightarrow \text{Cortisol}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between peptide and steroid hormones in terms of their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems, while steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene expression.

Question 2

A patient is prescribed oral prednisone for an autoimmune disorder. Which property of steroid hormones makes this route of administration effective?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can cross the intestinal lining without being degraded.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone enabling the full effect of growth hormone on tissue growth.

Question 4

A patient presents with symptoms of hypercortisolism, including 'moon face' and trunk obesity. Laboratory results show low ACTH and high cortisol. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Primary adrenal cortex tumor autonomously secreting cortisol.

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is primarily responsible for water balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why insulin must be administered by injection rather than orally?

Accepted Answer

Insulin is a water-soluble peptide hormone and is destroyed by digestive enzymes in the GI tract.

Question 7

A patient with hypothyroidism is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Slowed metabolic rate, bradycardia, and fatigue.

Question 8

Which of the following pathways correctly describes the sequence of hormone release in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CRH} ightarrow 	ext{ACTH} ightarrow 	ext{Cortisol}$$

Question 9

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium

Question 10

A child with normal growth hormone (GH) levels but severe hypothyroidism will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Fail to reach normal height due to the permissive role of thyroid hormone in growth.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium by mobilizing it from bone, enhancing renal reabsorption, and increasing intestinal absorption via vitamin D3.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the synthesis of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones are synthesized as inactive preprohormones, processed to prohormones, and then activated before secretion.

Question 13

A patient with a pituitary tumor that increases ACTH secretion will most likely have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High cortisol, high ACTH, low CRH

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a goiter can occur in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Goiter results from overstimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH or TSI, regardless of whether thyroid hormone levels are high or low.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of cortisol during stress?

Accepted Answer

Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver and suppresses the immune system.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of calcitriol (active vitamin D3) on calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of both calcium and phosphate.

Question 17

A patient with Addison’s disease is most likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It delivers small amounts of hypothalamic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary, allowing for efficient regulation.

Endocrine System and Sensory Physiology: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

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