Question 1

Which of the following best explains why hormones generally act more slowly but have longer-lasting effects than nerve impulses?

Accepted Answer

Hormones travel through the bloodstream to distant target cells, and their effects persist until the hormone is degraded or removed.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle spasms and tetany. Blood tests reveal hypocalcemia. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary source?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They enter target cells and directly activate specific genes by binding to DNA.

Question 4

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops agglutination and hemolysis. Which of the following best explains this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's plasma antibodies reacted with antigens on the donor erythrocytes.

Question 5

Which equation correctly relates blood flow ($$F$$), blood pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R) in $$the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 6

A patient with chronic hypertension is at increased risk for which of the following complications due to persistently elevated afterload?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular hypertrophy and eventual heart failure

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the lymphatic system in cardiovascular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, preventing edema.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, phagocyte migration, tissue repair

Question 9

Which law explains why the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air is less than in atmospheric air?

Accepted Answer

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Question 10

A patient with severe emphysema has difficulty exhaling. Which physical property of the lungs is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Lung elasticity (recoil)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of tubular reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood

Question 12

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney, and what is its mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); inserts aquaporins into the collecting duct epithelium

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis results in haploid gametes; mitosis results in diploid somatic cells.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the corpus luteum in the ovarian cycle?

Accepted Answer

It produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the placenta during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

It facilitates exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between maternal and fetal blood.

Question 16

Which equation correctly expresses Boyle's Law as it applies to pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 17

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce which hormone, and what is the primary effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; blood glucose increases

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, enhancing oxygen unloading in tissues.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the passage of food through the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?

Accepted Answer

It guards the body's entryways against pathogens.

Endocrine System, Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels, Lymphatic System, Immune System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Reproductive System, and Human Development: Comprehensive

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