Question 1

Which of the following best explains why hormones generally have longer-lasting effects than nerve impulses?

Accepted Answer

Hormones are transported in the bloodstream and act on distant target cells, resulting in prolonged effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle spasms and tetany. Blood tests reveal hypocalcemia. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They enter target cells and directly activate specific genes in the nucleus.

Question 4

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce insulin. Which of the following best describes the effect of this hormone deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose due to decreased cellular uptake

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly relates blood flow ($$F$$), blood pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R) in $$the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with hypertension. Which of the following is a likely long-term consequence if the condition is not managed?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of stroke and heart failure

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the hepatic portal system in digestion?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing.

Question 8

During inspiration, which law explains why air flows into the lungs as thoracic volume increases?

Accepted Answer

Boyle's law: $$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$\mathrm{CO}_2$$ and decreased pH enhance oxygen unloading from hemoglobin.

Question 10

A patient with a blocked thoracic duct would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased absorption of dietary fats

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

A B cell divides and differentiates after binding its specific antigen.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and elimination of feces

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, concentrating urine.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the passage of blood through the heart, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus luteum in the ovarian cycle?

Accepted Answer

It produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the events of gastrulation during embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins carry blood under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about meiosis in the reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.

Question 19

A patient with a deficiency in surfactant production is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Alveolar collapse and difficulty inflating the lungs

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize and destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells without prior sensitization.

Endocrine System, Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels, Lymphatics, Immune System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Reproductive System, and Human Development: Comprehensive Study

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