Question 1

Which of the following is classified as a primary endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid gland

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of dehydration and high plasma osmolarity. Which hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?

Accepted Answer

It links two capillary beds to transport hypothalamic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.

Question 4

A tumor destroys the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Which hormone would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 6

A patient with low blood calcium is found to have underactive parathyroid glands. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches a hypothalamic hormone with its anterior pituitary target hormone?

Accepted Answer

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) — Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 9

A patient has a deficiency in insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Which organ is most likely failing to perform its secondary endocrine function?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a hormone produced by a secondary endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 11

Which hormone is released in response to stress and is secreted from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 12

A patient is unable to produce oxytocin. Which physiological process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Milk ejection during breastfeeding

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release?

Accepted Answer

The final hormone in the pathway inhibits the release of both hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 15

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated levels of TSH. Which hypothalamic hormone is most likely also elevated?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the thymus and is essential for T-lymphocyte function?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 17

A patient has high blood glucose and low insulin levels. Which pancreatic cell type is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is secreted in response to low blood oxygen and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and helps regulate blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 20

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hypothyroidism, including low metabolic rate and poor nervous system development. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Action

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