Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes an endocrine gland from an exocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products through ducts to an epithelial surface.

Question 2

A patient with Addison's disease is experiencing fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure. Which gland is most likely malfunctioning, and what hormone is primarily deficient?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal gland; cortisol

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a hormone classified by its chemical structure as a peptide?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 4

A person is exposed to chronic high levels of a hormone. Over time, the number of receptors for that hormone on the target cell decreases. This process is known as:

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to neural stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla

Question 7

A patient with acromegaly is most likely to have a tumor affecting which gland, and what hormone is overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary gland; growth hormone

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose and inhibits further insulin secretion.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

A hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release its hormone

Question 10

Permissiveness in hormonal relationships is best illustrated by which scenario?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone increases the number of receptors for epinephrine on target cells, enhancing the effect of epinephrine.

Question 11

A patient with diabetes mellitus is unable to regulate blood glucose levels. Which hormone is most directly involved in this process, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Low blood calcium stimulates parathyroid hormone release

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the action of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly influence gene transcription.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Directly secreting insulin into the bloodstream

Question 15

A patient with Grave's disease presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Which hormone is overproduced, and what is a likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine ($$T_4$$); increased metabolic rate

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the concept of hormonal antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Two hormones have opposite effects on the same physiological variable

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a gland classified by its target cell specificity?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine glands affect neighboring cells in the same tissue.

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism. Which hormone is deficient, and what is the primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone; reduced growth and short stature

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the three components of a feedback system?

Accepted Answer

Receptor $$\rightarrow$$ Control center $$\rightarrow$$ Effector

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the synergistic effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Two hormones produce a greater effect together than the sum of their individual effects.

Endocrine System: Glands, Hormones, and Regulation

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