Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes the endocrine system from the nervous system in terms of hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream for long-lasting, widespread effects, while nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft for fast, short-acting, and localized effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with increased heart rate, sweating, and anxiety. Which hormone is most likely elevated, and from which part of the adrenal gland is it secreted?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidneys to conserve water and maintain blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 4

A patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased metabolic rate and weight gain

Question 5

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its target tissue and primary action?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide: heart; lowers blood pressure

Question 6

Which of the following is a principal cause of type I diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Which hormone is elevated, and what is a likely long-term outcome?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; muscle wasting and immunosuppression

Question 8

Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the action of insulin on liver and adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage in both liver and adipose tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of thyroglobulin into thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Thyroglobulin} + I_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{T_3} + \mathrm{T_4}$

Question 11

A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Which test is most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin A1c test

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by pancreatic alpha cells, and what is its primary effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 13

Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone that acts via a G protein-coupled receptor?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH, high T3/T4

Question 15

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium and acts to increase calcium mobilization from bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increases protein synthesis, promotes cell division, and mobilizes glucose from energy stores

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction and breast milk ejection?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 18

A patient with Addison's disease will most likely have which of the following hormonal profiles?

Accepted Answer

Low cortisol, low aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following correctly identifies the two components of the adrenal gland and their primary mode of stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex: hormonal stimulation (ACTH); Adrenal medulla: neural stimulation (sympathetic nervous system)

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the effect of parathyroid hormone on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{PTH} + \mathrm{Bone} \rightarrow \uparrow \mathrm{Ca^{2+}}_{blood}$

Endocrine System: Hormones, Glands, and Regulation

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards