Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which lipophilic hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and directly influence gene transcription.

Question 2

A patient presents with high levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol. According to the diagram of primary, secondary, and tertiary pathologies, which type of pathology is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary pathology of the hypothalamus

Question 3

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 4

Peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones in their transport through the blood. Which statement is correct regarding peptide hormone transport?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones dissolve freely in plasma.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ACTH when its levels are high.

Question 6

A patient with a pituitary tumor has elevated ACTH and cortisol but low CRH. Which pathology does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Secondary pathology of the anterior pituitary

Question 7

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the cellular mechanism of action for peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They activate second messenger systems via membrane receptors.

Question 9

Which hormone axis is correctly matched with its hormones?

Accepted Answer

HPG Axis: GnRH → FSH/LH → Androgens/Estrogens

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about the half-life of thyroid hormones compared to catecholamines?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormones have a longer half-life than catecholamines.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon have opposing effects on blood glucose levels.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the synthesis and storage of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are synthesized on demand from precursors and not stored.

Question 13

A patient with chronic high insulin levels may develop reduced sensitivity to insulin in target cells. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Downregulation of insulin receptors

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a simple neural reflex?

Accepted Answer

A neurotransmitter is released directly onto target cells by a sensory neuron.

Question 15

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and acts on the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the HPT axis?

Accepted Answer

TRH → TSH → T4

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of growth hormone (GH)?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates growth of liver and skeletal muscle

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the negative feedback regulation of cortisol in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

$CRH ightarrow ACTH ightarrow Cortisol ightarrow 	ext{inhibition of CRH and ACTH}$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of permissive hormones?

Accepted Answer

They enable another hormone to exert its full effect.

Endocrine System: Hormones, Pathways, and Regulation

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