$CRH \rightarrow ACTH \rightarrow Cortisol \rightarrow \text{inhibition of CRH and ACTH}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple and complex endocrine reflex pathways?

Accepted Answer

Simple reflexes have a single integrating center, while complex reflexes involve two or more integrating centers.

Question 2

A researcher injects a patient with excess ACTH. Which of the following is the most likely physiological outcome?

Accepted Answer

Increased cortisol production from the adrenal cortex.

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the female breast?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct example of hormone permissiveness?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone must be present for reproductive hormones to have their full effect on development.

Question 5

Which equation best represents the negative feedback regulation of cortisol in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

$CRH ightarrow ACTH ightarrow Cortisol ightarrow 	ext{inhibition of CRH and ACTH}$

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by hormones under endocrine control?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary muscle contraction

Question 7

A patient presents with symptoms of hypercortisolism. Which of the following is a possible cause?

Accepted Answer

Exogenous administration of glucocorticoids

Question 8

Which of the following hormones is classified as an amine hormone and is synthesized from tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require carrier proteins for transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipophilic and are not soluble in plasma.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the classical approach in endocrinology studies, as demonstrated by A.A. Berthold?

Accepted Answer

Remove the suspected gland, observe changes, replace the gland, observe restoration of function.

Question 11

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 12

Which mechanism is used by peptide hormones to exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger pathways

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of hyposecretion of a hormone?

Accepted Answer

Deficient hormone effect due to decreased synthesis or atrophy

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

One hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pathway for the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

$Hypothalamus \rightarrow CRH \rightarrow Anterior\ Pituitary \rightarrow ACTH \rightarrow Adrenal\ Cortex \rightarrow Cortisol$

Question 17

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Accepted Answer

Controls hormone production in the gonads (ovaries and testes)

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely result of tertiary hypersecretion in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

High levels of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

It is located in the brain and regulates circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin.

CH 7 Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions