Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response during short-term stress, and what is its main effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose

Question 2

During long-term stress, which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; mobilizes energy reserves and suppresses non-essential functions

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of melatonin in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulates circadian rhythms and has antioxidant properties

Question 4

A patient presents with rapid heartbeat, hypertension, and intense nervousness. Imaging reveals an adrenal medulla tumor. Which hormone is likely being overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines (e.g., norepinephrine)

Question 5

Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing insulin, and what is the effect of insulin on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; decreases blood glucose

Question 6

What is the primary mechanism by which glucagon raises blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 7

Which of the following is a symptom of untreated ketoacidosis in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperpnea and heart arrhythmias

Question 8

A patient with type 1 diabetes is most likely to experience which of the following pathophysiological changes?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue to signal satiety and stimulate increased energy use?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure and increases sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 11

Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production in response to low blood oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by osteoblasts in response to insulin and helps regulate fat storage?

Accepted Answer

Osteocalcin

Question 13

Which of the following is a plausible effect of environmental endocrine disruptors such as BPA or phthalates?

Accepted Answer

Disrupted puberty and increased risk of reproductive cancers

Question 14

Which hormone is detected by pregnancy tests and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); signals ovary to keep up progesterone production

Question 15

A patient with hyperinsulinism is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

Accepted Answer

They are antagonists

Question 17

Which treatment for type 2 diabetes works by increasing glucose loss through urine?

Accepted Answer

SGLT2 inhibitors

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the placenta to relax ligaments and muscles, increasing flexibility before labor?

Accepted Answer

Relaxin

Question 19

Which hormone produced by adipose tissue acts as an insulin antagonist, reducing cellular sensitivity to insulin?

Accepted Answer

Resistin

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why glucose homeostasis is especially critical for brain function?

Accepted Answer

The brain uses about 50% of total glucose at rest and cannot store it

Endocrine System: Hormones, Stress Responses, and Regulation

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