Q: What is the primary metabolic effect of cortisol, and which equation best represents this process?

Gluconeogenesis: $$\text{Amino acids} + \text{Fatty acids} \rightarrow \text{Glucose}$$

Question 1

Which hormone is NOT classified as a tropic hormone among the anterior pituitary hormones?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive growth of hands, feet, and face as an adult. Which condition is most likely responsible, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly due to hypersecretion of growth hormone from an anterior pituitary tumor

Question 3

Which hormone stimulates the production of gametes in both males and females?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 4

What is the primary metabolic effect of cortisol, and which equation best represents this process?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis: $$	ext{Amino acids} + 	ext{Fatty acids} ightarrow 	ext{Glucose}$$

Question 5

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, and infertility. Which hormone is most likely hypersecreted?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and acts on the skeleton, kidneys, and intestine?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Decreases rate of cellular glucose uptake and metabolism (anti-insulin effect)

Question 8

A patient presents with low metabolic rate, thick and dry skin, puffy eyes, and constipation. Laboratory tests reveal low thyroid hormone levels and high TSH. What is the most likely diagnosis and underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Myxedema due to hypothyroidism, possibly from iodine deficiency causing goiter

Question 9

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating Na$$^+$$ reabsorption and K$$^+$$ excretion in the kidneys, and what is the main regulatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Question 10

Which hormone's secretion is primarily inhibited by dopamine, and what is the physiological consequence of decreased dopamine levels?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL); decreased dopamine leads to increased milk production

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is more involved in stimulating metabolic activities such as bronchial dilation and increased blood flow to skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 12

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Osteitis fibrosa cystica and kidney stones due to elevated blood calcium

Question 13

Which process is represented by the following equation, and which hormone stimulates it? $$	ext{Glycogen} ightarrow 	ext{Glucose}$$

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis stimulated by growth hormone (GH)

Question 14

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels and acts as an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 15

Which hormone is responsible for the calorigenic effect, and what does this effect entail?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (TH); increases basal metabolic rate and heat production

Question 16

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, and exophthalmos

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 18

Which hormone is absent from the blood in prepubertal boys and girls, and what triggers its release during and after puberty?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); triggered by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted in response to stress and helps maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 20

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma glucose and sodium levels

Endocrine System Part 2: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands

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