Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the extracellular fluid and bloodstream, while exocrine glands release non-hormonal substances into ducts.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hypoglycemia, including fatigue and confusion. Laboratory tests reveal low blood glucose levels. Which hormone is most likely under-secreted in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is classified as a lipid-soluble hormone and acts via direct gene activation?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the second messenger system used by water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to plasma membrane receptor → activation of G-protein → activation of adenylate cyclase → conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP ($cAMP$) → activation of protein kinase

Question 5

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

A patient with hypersecretion of growth hormone (hGH) as an adult is most likely to develop which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve readily in plasma.

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to high blood glucose levels and promotes glycogenesis in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting via positive feedback?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin release during childbirth

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP ($cAMP$) in the second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

$ATP \rightarrow cAMP + PP_i$

Question 11

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including weight loss, increased heart rate, and bulging eyes. Which hormone is most likely elevated?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of hormone action on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Directly synthesizing ATP from glucose without enzymes

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference in response time between the endocrine and nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine system responses are slower and longer-lasting, while nervous system responses are rapid and short-lived.

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Question 17

Which metabolic process is stimulated by glucagon during the post-absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting in a paracrine manner?

Accepted Answer

A hormone acting on nearby cells within the same tissue

Question 19

Which of the following is a water-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 20

A patient with Addison's disease is experiencing hyposecretion of which hormone, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and low blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation

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