$$\text{Preprohormone} \xrightarrow{\text{cleavage}} \text{Prohormone} \xrightarrow{\text{further cleavage}} \text{Active hormone}$$

$$\text{CRH} \rightarrow \text{ACTH} \rightarrow \text{Cortisol}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes how steroid hormones typically exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, influencing gene transcription.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of Addison’s disease. Which of the following best explains the underlying hormonal imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Deficient secretion of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of a peptide hormone precursor to its active form?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Preprohormone} \xrightarrow{	ext{cleavage}} 	ext{Prohormone} \xrightarrow{	ext{further cleavage}} 	ext{Active hormone}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of cortisol action?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of protein synthesis in muscle tissue

Question 5

A patient with Cushing’s disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure and central obesity

Question 6

Which of the following statements about hormone transport in the blood is correct?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are often bound to carrier proteins, while peptide hormones circulate freely.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CRH} ightarrow 	ext{ACTH} ightarrow 	ext{Cortisol}$$

Question 9

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for increasing plasma Ca$$^{2+}$$ levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

A patient with hypothyroidism is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Cold intolerance and fatigue

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why thyroid hormones are unique among amine hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are lipophilic, require transport proteins in plasma, and act on intracellular receptors.

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of growth hormone (GH) on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increased protein synthesis in muscle

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the feedback mechanism regulating cortisol secretion?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback by cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 14

Which of the following is a common effect of hyperparathyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia and bone demineralization

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the action of insulin?

Accepted Answer

It decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts.

Question 17

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low TSH and high thyroid hormone levels

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They increase oxygen consumption and heat production.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, increasing plasma Ca$$^{2+}.$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of calcitonin?

Accepted Answer

It decreases plasma Ca$$^{2+} by $$inhibiting bone resorption.

Endocrine System Study Guide: Hormones, Glands, and Disorders

Study Guide - Practice Questions