$$4 \text{ ATP} + (10 \text{ NADH} \times 2.5 \text{ ATP}) + (2 \text{ FADH}_2 \times 1.5 \text{ ATP}) = 32 \text{ ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in concentration gradients and chemical bonds, while kinetic energy is the energy in motion used for work.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. According to osmosis, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$4 	ext{ ATP} + (10 	ext{ NADH} 	imes 2.5 	ext{ ATP}) + (2 	ext{ FADH}_2 	imes 1.5 	ext{ ATP}) = 32 	ext{ ATP}$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions by binding substrates and are not changed by the reaction.

Question 5

During anaerobic metabolism, what is the fate of pyruvate in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate is converted to lactate, yielding 2 ATP and no NADH.

Question 6

Which process is responsible for the movement of glucose into cells against its concentration gradient, and what type of transport does it represent?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport; uses the kinetic energy of sodium moving down its gradient

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a property of diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion moves molecules from low to high concentration.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes the function of carrier proteins in membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins bind to substrates and change conformation to move them across the membrane, open to one side at a time.

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the resting membrane potential of a typical cell?

Accepted Answer

It is maintained primarily by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, resulting in a negative charge inside the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is required for maximum ATP production in cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for efficient ATP synthesis.

Question 11

Which statement about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion uses a facilitator protein and stops when equilibrium is reached.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of chemical work in cells?

Accepted Answer

Making and breaking of chemical bonds during metabolism.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about the law of mass balance in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Any gain of a substance must be offset by an equal loss to maintain constant levels.

Question 14

Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires energy from ATP?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the type of channel gating with its stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Mechanically gated channels open in response to physical changes such as tension or temperature.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of catabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions produce energy through the breakdown of biomolecules.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE about the synthesis of proteins in cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA, followed by translation of mRNA to a polypeptide chain.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about lipid synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Most lipids are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of transport work in cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of ions and molecules across cell membranes to create concentration gradients.

Energy, Cellular Metabolism, and Membrane Dynamics: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions