Q: Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

$$4 \text{ ATP} + (10 \text{ NADH} \times 2.5 \text{ ATP}) + (2 \text{ FADH}_2 \times 1.5 \text{ ATP}) = 32 \text{ ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored in concentration gradients and chemical bonds, while kinetic energy is the energy in motion used for work.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. According to osmosis, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$4 	ext{ ATP} + (10 	ext{ NADH} 	imes 2.5 	ext{ ATP}) + (2 	ext{ FADH}_2 	imes 1.5 	ext{ ATP}) = 32 	ext{ ATP}$$

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the movement of glucose into most cells, and what type of transport does it represent?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion using a GLUT transporter; passive transport

Question 5

During anaerobic metabolism, what is the fate of pyruvate and what is the net ATP yield per glucose?

Accepted Answer

Pyruvate is converted to lactate; net yield is 2 ATP

Question 6

Which of the following statements about enzymes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions by binding substrates.

Question 7

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of channel proteins in cell membranes. Which physiological process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water through aquaporins

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the law of mass balance in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Any gain of a substance must be offset by an equal loss to maintain constant levels.

Question 9

Which of the following is a property of diffusion according to Fick's Law?

Accepted Answer

Rate of diffusion is inversely related to membrane thickness.

Question 10

Which scenario best illustrates chemical disequilibrium in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Higher concentration of K$$^+$$ inside the cell and higher concentration of Na$$^+$$ outside the cell

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the resting membrane potential of a typical cell?

Accepted Answer

It is maintained primarily by the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ ATPase pump.

Question 12

Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires ATP and moves molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 13

Which statement about protein synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transcription factors bind to the promoter region to initiate transcription.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of mechanical work in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Movement of organelles around the cell

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the type of membrane protein with its function?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins: Bind substrate and change conformation to transport across membrane

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the gating of channel proteins?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated channels open in response to changes in the electrical state of the cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It moves molecules down their concentration gradient and stops at equilibrium.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the coupling of chemical reactions in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Energy released from exergonic reactions is used to fuel endergonic reactions.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about lipid synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Most lipids are synthesized in the smooth ER and cytosol.

Energy, Cellular Metabolism, and Membrane Dynamics: Study Notes

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