Q: Which of the following is an example of an exergonic reaction in human physiology?

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and $$\text{P}_i$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, such as molecules moving, while potential energy is stored energy, such as in ATP.

Question 2

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in, creating a concentration gradient. Which type of work is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Transport work

Question 3

According to the first law of thermodynamics, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Energy is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between free energy change $$(\Delta G)$$, enthalpy $$(\Delta H)$$, and entropy $$(\Delta S) at $$temperature $$T$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains how enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?

Accepted Answer

By stabilizing the transition state and properly orienting substrates.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with a heart attack using a blood test that detects elevated levels of a specific enzyme variant. What is this enzyme variant called?

Accepted Answer

Isozyme

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of an exergonic reaction in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and $$	ext{P}_i$$

Question 8

Which statement about reversible and irreversible reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Reversible reactions can proceed in both directions depending on energy changes.

Question 9

Which process is described by the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, and which enzyme typically catalyzes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation; kinase

Question 10

A metabolic pathway is regulated by feedback inhibition. Which of the following best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

The end product of the pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme to prevent overproduction.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a way that cells regulate their metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Increasing entropy

Question 12

During glycolysis, which substrate enters the pathway and what are the key products?

Accepted Answer

Glucose enters; products are pyruvate, ATP, NADH.

Question 13

Which statement best describes oxidative phosphorylation according to the chemiosmotic theory?

Accepted Answer

ATP is synthesized using the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.

Question 14

What is the net energy yield (in ATP) from the conversion of one glucose molecule to lactate under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the advantage of compartmentalizing enzymes within specific intracellular compartments?

Accepted Answer

It allows specialization and prevents interference between metabolic pathways.

Question 16

Which ratio plays a key role in regulating metabolic reactions, and how does it affect metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP/ADP ratio; high ATP inhibits catabolism, low ATP stimulates it.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 18

During mRNA processing, which of the following is removed from the pre-mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Introns

Question 19

Which posttranslational modification involves the addition of a carbohydrate group to a protein?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Question 20

A scientist measures the rate of a chemical reaction by monitoring the loss of substrate over time. Which equation best represents the reaction rate $$(v)$$?

Accepted Answer

$$v = -\frac{d[S]}{dt}$$

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