Question 1

Refer to the diagram of the neural pathway (Image 1). What is the correct identification for structure C, and what is its primary function in the reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

C is an interneuron; it processes information and relays signals between sensory and motor neurons.

Question 2

Given the chemical equation in Image 2: $\mathrm{H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons HCO_3^- + H^+}$, what would happen to the equilibrium if the plasma pH drops to 7.2?

Accepted Answer

The equilibrium shifts to the left, decreasing $\mathrm{H^+}$ concentration.

Question 3

In the phospholipid diagram (Image 3), what is the function of the region labeled C?

Accepted Answer

C is the hydrophobic tail, which repels water and helps form the lipid bilayer.

Question 4

In Image 4, which transport mechanism is depicted in panel B, and what is a key characteristic of this process?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion; it requires a carrier protein but does not require ATP.

Question 5

In Image 5, the process indicated by the arrows is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion, where molecules move from high to low concentration without energy input.

Question 6

Based on Image 6, what will happen to the red blood cell if placed in the depicted extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because the ECF is hypotonic.

Question 7

A patient has a plasma pH of 7.6. According to the bicarbonate buffer system ($\mathrm{H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons HCO_3^- + H^+}$), what is the expected shift in equilibrium and effect on $\mathrm{H^+}$ concentration?

Accepted Answer

Shift to the right; increase $\mathrm{H^+}$ into plasma.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidney in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

The kidney reabsorbs $\mathrm{HCO_3^-}$ and secretes $\mathrm{H^+}$ to increase blood pH.

Question 9

In the context of membrane transport, which scenario would require the use of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Movement of $\mathrm{Na^+}$ ions from low to high concentration across the membrane.

Question 10

A nerve impulse travels from the stimulus to the response as shown in Image 1. Which of the following correctly orders the structures involved?

Accepted Answer

A (receptor) → C (interneuron) → D (motor neuron) → E (effector)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids (Image 3) form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophobic tails avoid water while hydrophilic heads interact with water.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the process shown in Image 4, panel C?

Accepted Answer

It is active transport, requiring ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient.

Question 13

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, as shown in Image 6, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis as depicted in Image 6?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 15

A patient is experiencing acidosis (low blood pH). According to the bicarbonate buffer system, what is the physiological response?

Accepted Answer

The equilibrium shifts left, reducing $\mathrm{H^+}$ concentration.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion, as shown in Image 4, panel B?

Accepted Answer

It requires a membrane protein and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 17

In the context of the neural pathway (Image 1), what is the role of structure E?

Accepted Answer

E is the effector, which carries out the response to the stimulus.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the movement of water in osmosis, as shown in Image 6?

Accepted Answer

Water moves toward the side with higher solute concentration.

Essential Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology: Membrane Transport, Buffer Systems, and Neural Pathways

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