Question 1

What is the primary role of feedback loops in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining stability and balance

Question 2

Which of the following biomolecules has a lengthy chain of hydrocarbon linked to a carboxyl group?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids

Question 3

What are the building blocks of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotides

Question 4

Identify the correct statement regarding the central dogma of molecular biology.

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 5

Which of the following has the ability to inhibit the activity of an enzyme?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{CN^-}$

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electron carriers in the electron transport chain of mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

NADH Dehydrogenase $\rightarrow$ Ubiquinone $\rightarrow$ Cytochrome bc1 Complex $\rightarrow$ Cytochrome c $\rightarrow$ Cytochrome c Oxidase

Question 7

To enable primary active transport, all of the following components are necessary except:

Accepted Answer

Concentration gradient

Question 8

Which of the following hormones produced by the endocrine system is involved in the development and function of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 9

Cardiac muscle cells can generate action potentials spontaneously without external nervous input. This is due to which of the following specialized cells?

Accepted Answer

Pacemaker cells

Question 10

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

Accepted Answer

Sensation is the process of receiving sensory information, while perception is the physiological response to that information.

Question 11

Donald was watching TV when a fast-food store commercial was shown and he started to salivate. Which division of the autonomic nervous system was responsible for making Donald salivate?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 12

Identify the correct order of the muscle contraction cycle.

Accepted Answer

Active-site exposure $\rightarrow$ Cross-bridge formation $\rightarrow$ Myosin head pivoting $\rightarrow$ Cross-bridge detachment $\rightarrow$ Myosin Reactivation

Question 13

Which of the following is considered the integration center for reflex arcs where the afferent neurons synapse with interneurons?

Accepted Answer

Spinal cord

Question 14

Which of the following secretes insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Question 15

What major vein of the arm is shown in the following diagram?

Accepted Answer

Basilic vein

Question 16

The podocytes in the glomerulus are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Long branching extensions called foot processes.

Question 17

Why do infants have 'dewy' skin that looks like a freshly picked peach?

Accepted Answer

High body water content

Question 18

Atrial flutter is characterized on an ECG by:

Accepted Answer

Sawtooth-shaped P waves

Question 19

A patient presents with muscle weakness and fatigue. Laboratory results show low serum potassium ($K^+$) levels. Which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Resting membrane potential maintenance

Question 20

Which equation best represents the calculation of cardiac output ($CO$) in physiology?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

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