Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between somatic and autonomic motor pathways?

Accepted Answer

Somatic pathways use one lower motor neuron and target skeletal muscle, while autonomic pathways use a two-neuron chain and target visceral effectors.

Question 2

A patient experiences increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased digestive activity after a stressful event. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

Which receptor type is found on all postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia and responds to acetylcholine?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptor

Question 5

A drug that blocks muscarinic receptors would most likely affect which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons targeting smooth muscle

Question 6

Which pathway allows sympathetic preganglionic fibers to reach the adrenal medulla, resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal medulla pathway

Question 7

Which anatomical structure contains sympathetic trunk ganglia and is located lateral to the vertebral column?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic trunk

Question 8

Which of the following best describes dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, allowing for opposing effects.

Question 9

Which of the following hormones is lipid-soluble and typically binds to intracellular receptors, affecting gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 10

A water-soluble hormone binds to its membrane receptor on a target cell. Which process is most likely to occur next?

Accepted Answer

Activation of a second messenger pathway such as $$cAMP$$

Question 11

Which of the following correctly compares the anterior and posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary is glandular tissue controlled by hypothalamic releasing hormones, while the posterior pituitary is neural tissue that stores and releases ADH and oxytocin.

Question 12

Which hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage in cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 13

A patient with low blood calcium levels would likely experience increased secretion of which hormone, and from which gland?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a humoral stimulus for hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Release of insulin in response to increased blood glucose levels

Question 15

Which effect describes when one hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target cell to a second hormone, such as thyroid hormone increasing the effect of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

Permissive effect

Question 16

If a target cell decreases its number of hormone receptors in response to prolonged high hormone levels, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Down-regulation

Question 17

Which pathway would a sympathetic preganglionic neuron use to innervate abdominal viscera, and what is the neurotransmitter released at the ganglion?

Accepted Answer

Splanchnic nerve pathway; acetylcholine

Question 18

A patient is given a drug that increases the activity of adrenergic receptors. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and bronchodilation

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the effects of steroid hormones last longer than those of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors and alter gene transcription, leading to prolonged effects.

Question 20

A person with a tumor in the anterior pituitary that secretes excess ACTH would most likely have elevated levels of which hormone, and what is the feedback mechanism involved?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary

Exam 1 Study Guide: Autonomic Nervous System & Endocrine System (KIN 224)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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