Question 1

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 2

A patient presents with elevated eosinophil levels in their differential WBC count. Which condition is most likely associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Allergy or parasitic worm infection

Question 3

Which blood type is considered the universal donor, and why?

Accepted Answer

O-; because it has no antigens present on RBCs

Question 4

During the cardiac cycle, what event occurs when all heart valves are closed and ventricular pressure rises but volume does not change?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumic contraction

Question 5

Which formula correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 6

A patient with renal disease develops anemia. Which type of anemia is most likely, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Renal anemia; due to insufficient erythropoietin production

Question 7

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 8

If a patient has narrowing (stenosis) of the pulmonary valve, which part of the cardiac cycle is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Blood leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

Question 9

Which of the following is a granulocyte and is primarily involved in fighting bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 10

What is the main function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

To carry nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

Question 11

Which equation represents the relationship between end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), and stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 12

A patient with sickle-cell anemia has abnormal hemoglobin. What is the specific molecular change responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

A change in one amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin

Question 13

Which blood vessel supplies oxygen and nutrients to the brain and is a branch of the common carotid artery?

Accepted Answer

Internal carotid artery

Question 14

What is the effect of blood doping on peripheral resistance and why?

Accepted Answer

Increases peripheral resistance because blood is more viscous

Question 15

Which fetal heart adaptation allows blood to bypass the non-functional lungs before birth?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 16

Which chemical increases blood pressure by promoting water retention in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

During ventricular systole, which valves are closed at the beginning?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 18

Which part of the heart's intrinsic conduction system acts as the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 19

What is the physiological response of the body to severe hemorrhage and shock?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of blood vessels to raise blood pressure

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the lifespan of erythrocytes and the reason for it?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes live for 120 days because they lack nuclei and cannot undergo mitosis

Exam 1 Study Guide: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels (Chapters 17–19)

Study Guide - Practice Questions