Q: Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output, and what would happen to cardiac output if heart rate increases while stroke volume remains constant?

CO = HR \times SV; cardiac output would increase.

Q: Which formula describes mean arterial pressure (MAP), and what is the MAP for a patient with systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg?

$$\text{MAP} = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure})$$; MAP = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(120 - 80) = 80 + 13.3 = 93.3 mmHg

Question 1

A patient with blood type AB negative requires a transfusion. Which of the following donor blood types would be compatible, and why?

Accepted Answer

AB negative, because it shares both A and B antigens and lacks Rh antigen D.

Question 2

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure, and what would happen if its concentration decreased significantly?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; decreased concentration would lead to increased tissue edema due to reduced reabsorption.

Question 3

During hemostasis, which sequence correctly describes the early events leading to platelet plug formation?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → von Willebrand factor release → platelet adhesion → ADP and thromboxane A₂ secretion → platelet aggregation

Question 4

A patient presents with neutrophilia. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection

Question 5

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output, and what would happen to cardiac output if heart rate increases while stroke volume remains constant?

Accepted Answer

CO = HR 	imes SV; cardiac output would increase.

Question 6

During ventricular systole, which heart valves are open and which are closed, and what is the direction of blood flow?

Accepted Answer

AV valves closed, semilunar valves open; blood flows from ventricles to arteries.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why coronary blood flow is greatest during ventricular diastole?

Accepted Answer

Coronary arteries are compressed during systole, reducing flow.

Question 8

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is the stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

SV = EDV - ESV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches the electrical events of the heart with the corresponding ECG waves?

Accepted Answer

P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization

Question 10

Which formula describes mean arterial pressure (MAP), and what is the MAP for a patient with systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{MAP} = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure})$$; MAP = 80 + \frac{1}{3}(120 - 80) = 80 + 13.3 = 93.3 mmHg

Question 11

Which capillary type is most suited for rapid exchange of large molecules, and where is it commonly found?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries; found in liver and spleen

Question 12

If blood hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of a capillary is 35 mmHg, and blood colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mmHg, what is the net filtration pressure (NFP) assuming interstitial hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures are negligible?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NFP} = 	ext{Blood Hydrostatic Pressure} - 	ext{Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure} = 35 - 25 = 10 	ext{ mmHg}$$

Question 13

Which equation describes the relationship between blood flow, pressure gradient, and resistance, and what happens to flow if vessel radius doubles?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Flow} = \frac{	ext{Pressure Gradient}}{	ext{Resistance}}$$; flow increases by 16-fold if radius doubles (Poiseuille's law: $$R \propto \frac{1}{r^4$})$$

Question 14

Which hormone increases blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release, and what is its effect on blood volume?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II; increases blood volume by promoting sodium and water retention.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of precapillary sphincters in capillary beds?

Accepted Answer

They regulate blood flow into capillaries based on local tissue needs.

Question 16

A patient with chronic hypertension has increased afterload. How does this affect stroke volume and cardiac output, assuming contractility and heart rate remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases, leading to decreased cardiac output.

Question 17

Which pathway correctly traces blood flow from the right atrium to the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle

Question 18

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for venous return from the lower limbs during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump, which compresses veins and moves blood toward the heart.

Exam 2 Study Guide: Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels (Chapters 18–20)

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards