Q: A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is their stroke volume (SV)? $$SV = EDV - ESV$$

$$SV = 120\,\text{mL} - 50\,\text{mL} = 70\,\text{mL}$$

Q: A patient’s heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute and their stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output (CO)? $$CO = HR \times SV$$

$$CO = 75 \times 70 = 5250\,\text{mL/min}$$

Q: A patient has a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure? $$\text{Pulse Pressure} = \text{Systolic} - \text{Diastolic}$$

$$\text{Pulse Pressure} = 120 - 80 = 40\,\text{mmHg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the sequence of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which event is responsible for the 'lub' sound heard during auscultation?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the AV valves

Question 3

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 4

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is their stroke volume (SV)?

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120\,	ext{mL} - 50\,	ext{mL} = 70\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a key structural difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the systemic circulation, which requires higher pressure

Question 7

Which of the following correctly matches the heart wall layer with its description?

Accepted Answer

Endocardium: smooth inner lining of the heart chambers

Question 8

A patient’s heart rate (HR) is 75 beats per minute and their stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output (CO)?

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 75 	imes 70 = 5250\,	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Increased venous return increases preload, leading to increased stroke volume

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding the opening and closing of heart valves?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

Question 11

Which phase of the cardiac action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells is primarily due to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2 (plateau)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of baroreceptors?

Accepted Answer

Detect changes in blood pressure

Question 13

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for regulating peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 14

A patient has a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure?

$$	ext{Pulse Pressure} = 	ext{Systolic} - 	ext{Diastolic}$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Pulse Pressure} = 120 - 80 = 40\,	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a major aid to venous return in the lower limbs?

Accepted Answer

Muscle pump action

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

Prevent AV valve prolapse during ventricular contraction

Question 17

Which ECG component corresponds to ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely increase peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Decreased vessel diameter

Question 19

A patient’s ejection fraction is calculated as follows: EDV = 120 mL, SV = 70 mL. What is their ejection fraction?

$$	ext{Ejection Fraction} = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100\%$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Ejection Fraction} = \frac{70}{120} 	imes 100\% = 58.3\%$$

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely result from increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

Exam 2 Study Guide: The Heart and Blood Vessels

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