Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a specific hormone in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with the appropriate receptor for that hormone can respond.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary produces and releases its own hormones, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

Question 4

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 5

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce insulin. What is the most likely effect on their blood glucose levels after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels will remain elevated because glucose cannot efficiently enter cells.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the pathway of electrical activity through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node → Atrioventricular (AV) node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 7

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 70 mL per beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 8

Which of the following statements about capillaries is correct?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have thin walls consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells to facilitate exchange of materials.

Question 9

A patient receives a transfusion of type B blood but is type A. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of the transfused red blood cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the lymphatic system is important for cardiovascular function?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, maintaining blood volume.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a leukocyte with its function?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil – phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cellular immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of albumin in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting substances

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valve flaps from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker walls and carry blood away from the heart; veins have thinner walls and carry blood toward the heart.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

It is primarily released in response to decreased blood sodium or blood pressure, stimulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A newborn receiving antibodies through breast milk.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why there are more afferent than efferent vessels in a lymph node?

Accepted Answer

It slows the flow of lymph through the node, allowing more time for immune cells to filter pathogens.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between the short-term and long-term stress responses?

Accepted Answer

Short-term stress response is mediated by catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), while long-term stress response is mediated by corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol).

Exam 3 Study Guide: Endocrine, Blood, Cardiovascular, and Lymphatic Systems

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