Question 1

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for maintaining electrical potential across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of potassium into the cell

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.30. Which condition does this indicate, and what does it suggest about hydrogen ion concentration?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; high hydrogen ion concentration

Question 3

If blood plasma osmolarity increases, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from the cells into the extracellular fluid

Question 4

Which buffer system is most important for regulating pH in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffering system

Question 5

During dehydration, which of the following changes occurs in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Blood plasma becomes more concentrated (high osmolarity)

Question 6

Which hormone is released to regulate the amount of sodium that is reabsorbed by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

A person has a blood pH of 7.50. What does this indicate, and what is the likely concentration of hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis; low hydrogen ion concentration

Question 8

Which of the following equations represents the formation of carbonic acid in the bicarbonate buffering system?

Accepted Answer

$CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$

Question 9

Which process describes the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, requiring energy?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phosphate buffering system?

Accepted Answer

It is mainly active in intracellular fluid (ICF) and urine

Question 11

If a patient loses a significant amount of water through sweat, which percentage of total water loss does this represent according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

6%

Question 12

Which of the following best describes osmosis in the context of fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 13

Which buffer system is part of the protein buffering system and acts by accepting or donating hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

Histidine buffering system

Question 14

A patient with chronic diarrhea is losing water primarily through which route?

Accepted Answer

Feces

Question 15

Which of the following equations represents the dissociation of carbonic acid to release hydrogen ions in the bicarbonate buffering system?

Accepted Answer

$H_2CO_3 \rightarrow HCO_3^- + H^+$

Question 16

Which of the following is a consequence of increased sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cells

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a major route of water loss from the body?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory evaporation

Question 18

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of bicarbonate ions when blood becomes too acidic?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate ions bind with excess hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid

Question 20

Which of the following is the main buffer system in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate buffering system

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Key Concepts and Buffering Systems

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