Question 1

A patient is admitted with severe dehydration. Which of the following best describes the movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments in this scenario, and what is the primary driving force?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from the cells into the extracellular fluid due to increased osmotic pressure in the ECF.

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why acids are the main focus of the body's acid-base balance mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Acids are produced in much larger quantities than bases during normal metabolism.

Question 3

A cell is placed in an interstitial fluid that is hypotonic to its cytosol. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst because water will move into the cell due to osmotic pressure.

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, and what stimulates its secretion?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); stimulated by increased plasma osmolality.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in plasma?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 6

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has elevated arterial $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ and decreased blood pH. Which acid-base disorder is most likely present, and how does the body compensate?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis; compensated by increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

It stores and matures sperm before ejaculation.

Question 8

During oogenesis, why is only one ovum typically produced from a single primary oocyte?

Accepted Answer

Because the other daughter cells become polar bodies and degenerate.

Question 9

Which of the following events increases genetic variability during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I and independent assortment during metaphase I.

Question 10

Which structure is responsible for catching the ovulated oocyte and moving it toward the uterus?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae of the uterine tube.

Question 11

A blastocyst differs from a morula in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A blastocyst has a fluid-filled cavity and differentiated cell layers, while a morula is a solid ball of cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT allowed to pass through the placental barrier between maternal and fetal blood supplies?

Accepted Answer

Large proteins and most bacteria.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes codominance in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of sodium ions ($$\mathrm{Na^+}) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

They are the main determinant of extracellular fluid volume and osmotic balance.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the outside of the body?

Accepted Answer

Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

Question 16

Which phase of the uterine cycle corresponds with significant increases in progesterone levels?

Accepted Answer

Secretory phase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased acid production or loss of bicarbonate, while respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation and $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ retention.

Question 18

Which cell type in the testes produces testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of amniotic fluid during prenatal development?

Accepted Answer

It cushions the embryo, maintains temperature, and allows for movement.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the three vascular shunts in fetal circulation?

Accepted Answer

They bypass certain fetal organs to ensure efficient delivery of oxygenated blood.

Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Homeostasis, Reproductive System, and Development: Study Guide

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