Question 1

Which of the following best explains why infants have a higher percentage of body water compared to the elderly?

Accepted Answer

Infants have lower bone mass and lower body fat, resulting in a higher water content.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing severe dehydration due to prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Confusion, fever, and hypovolemic shock.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sodium ($$\mathrm{Na^+}) $$and potassium ($$\mathrm{K^+}) in $$body fluid compartments is correct?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Na^+} is $$high in the extracellular fluid, while $$\mathrm{K^+} is $$high in the intracellular fluid.

Question 4

A marathon runner collapses after drinking large amounts of water without electrolyte replacement. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic hydration, leading to cellular swelling and possible neuronal damage.

Question 5

Which hormone is primarily responsible for water conservation in the kidneys, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); inserts aquaporins into the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on sodium and water balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, which indirectly increases water reabsorption if ADH is present.

Question 7

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to develop which acid-base imbalance, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis due to decreased CO$$_2$$ exchange and accumulation of CO$$_2 in $$the blood.

Question 8

Which buffer system is most important in the intracellular fluid (ICF) for maintaining pH?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate buffer system

Question 9

If a person is experiencing metabolic acidosis, which compensatory mechanism would you expect to be activated?

Accepted Answer

Increased rate and depth of breathing to expel CO$$_2.$$

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Excessive vomiting leading to loss of gastric acid.

Question 11

A patient presents with edema. Which of the following best explains how edema can impair tissue function?

Accepted Answer

Edema increases the diffusion distance for oxygen and carbon dioxide, impairing gas exchange.

Question 12

Which hormone inhibits sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts and suppresses the release of ADH, renin, and aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the renal compensation for respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Increased reabsorption of HCO$$_3^-$$ and increased secretion of H$$^+.$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct representation of the bicarbonate buffer system in the body?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2} + \mathrm{H_2O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{HCO_3^-}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium and phosphate balance?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates osteoclastic activity, increasing blood calcium and phosphate levels.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why water moves freely between body fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water moves by osmosis in response to changes in solute concentration.

Question 17

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes develops ketoacidosis. Which acid-base disturbance is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 18

Which of the following is a source of insensible water loss?

Accepted Answer

Water vapor lost in exhaled air

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ANP inhibits sodium reabsorption and suppresses ADH, renin, and aldosterone, lowering blood pressure.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the renal regulation of acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys usually secrete H$$^+$$ and reabsorb HCO$$_3^- to $$maintain blood pH.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards