Question 1

Which of the following best describes the location and composition of the two major body fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found within cells and contains potassium ($$K^+) as $$the most abundant cation, while the extracellular fluid (ECF) is found outside cells and contains sodium ($$Na^+) as $$the most abundant cation.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing hyperosmotic dehydration due to excessive sweating without water intake. What changes would you expect in the ECF and ICF compartments?

Accepted Answer

ECF osmolarity increases, causing water to move from the ICF to the ECF, resulting in both compartments becoming dehydrated.

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing ECF volume, and what is its primary mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); it increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Question 4

A patient presents with hyponatremia. Which of the following is a likely cause, and how is this imbalance typically corrected?

Accepted Answer

Excessive water intake dilutes plasma sodium; correction involves restricting water intake and administering hypertonic saline if severe.

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the regulation of sodium ion concentration in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone-mediated sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.

Question 6

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for potassium ($$K^+) $$secretion into the urine?

Accepted Answer

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 7

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the rate of potassium ($$K^+) $$secretion into urine?

Accepted Answer

Plasma calcium ($$Ca^{2+}) $$concentration

Question 8

What is the normal blood pH range, and what terms describe deviations above and below this range?

Accepted Answer

Normal: $$7.35 - 7.45$$; above: alkalosis, below: acidosis

Question 9

Which two organs are primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Lungs and kidneys

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the relationship between $$pCO_2$$ and hydrogen ion ($$H^+) $$concentration in the blood?

Accepted Answer

An increase in $$pCO_2$$ leads to an increase in $$[H^+]$$, causing a decrease in pH.

Question 11

Which buffer system is the major buffer of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 12

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has elevated $$pCO_2$$ and decreased blood pH. Which acid-base disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 13

How does the respiratory system respond to a decrease in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

By increasing respiratory rate to expel more $$CO_2$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a limitation of the biological buffer systems in the body?

Accepted Answer

They can only temporarily neutralize acids and bases; long-term regulation requires the lungs and kidneys.

Question 15

Which of the following conditions can cause metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged vomiting leading to loss of gastric acid

Question 16

Which type of acid is eliminated from the body by the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Volatile acids, such as carbonic acid ($$H_2CO_3)$$

Question 17

How do the kidneys respond to an increase in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

By excreting more bicarbonate ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) and retaining hydrogen ions (H$$^+$$)

Question 18

Which buffer system is most important inside cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein buffer system

Question 19

A marathon runner collapses after the race and is found to have low blood sodium ($$Na^+) $$and confusion. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia due to excessive water intake without adequate sodium replacement

Question 20

Which of the following best describes how the body gains hydrogen ions ($$H^+$$)?

Accepted Answer

Through metabolism of proteins and production of $$CO_2$$

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Study Guide (ANP College Level)

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