$$\text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log \left( \frac{[\text{HCO}_3^-]}{[\text{CO}_2]} \right)$$

By increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions ($$\text{HCO}_3^-)$$

$$\text{Water Intake} = \text{Water Output}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments?

Accepted Answer

ICF is located within cells, while ECF is located outside cells and includes interstitial fluid and plasma.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which mechanism is most likely to be activated to increase water intake?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to estimate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = 	ext{p}K_a + \log \left( \frac{[	ext{HCO}_3^-]}{[	ext{CO}_2]} ight)$$

Question 4

Which electrolyte is most abundant in the extracellular fluid and plays a key role in maintaining osmotic balance?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$	ext{Na}^+)$$

Question 5

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What acid-base disturbance is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 6

Which buffer system is most important in regulating pH in the blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 7

If a person is hyperventilating due to anxiety, which acid-base imbalance is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 8

Which of the following best explains how the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

By increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions ($$	ext{HCO}_3^-)$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium ($$	ext{Mg}^{2+}) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

Cofactor for many enzymatic reactions, including ATP synthesis

Question 10

A patient presents with vomiting and excessive loss of gastric acid. Which acid-base disturbance is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 11

Which equation best represents the relationship between water intake and output in a healthy adult?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Water Intake} = 	ext{Water Output}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the solute composition of interstitial fluid compared to plasma?

Accepted Answer

Plasma contains more proteins than interstitial fluid.

Question 13

Which electrolyte is most important for the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$	ext{K}^+)$$

Question 14

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to develop which acid-base imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of chloride ions ($$	ext{Cl}^-) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain osmotic pressure and are involved in the formation of gastric acid.

Question 16

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the elimination of excess water from the body?

Accepted Answer

Urine formation by the kidneys

Question 17

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is producing excess ketone bodies. Which acid-base disturbance is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium ($$	ext{Ca}^{2+}) $$regulation?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.

Question 19

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.25 and elevated $$	ext{CO}_2$$ levels. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions