Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water moves between body compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water moves between compartments based on osmotic and hydrostatic pressures.

Question 2

A patient presents with severe dehydration. Which of the following changes would you expect in their extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

ECF osmolarity would increase above 300 mOsm.

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to increased ECF osmolarity and acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 4

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following compensatory responses?

Accepted Answer

Increased renal secretion of H$$^+$$ and reabsorption of HCO$$_3^-$$

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the bicarbonate buffer system in the body?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-} $$

Question 6

Which of the following is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium (Na$$^+)$$

Question 7

A patient with excess aldosterone secretion would most likely exhibit which of the following electrolyte imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia and hypernatremia

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the effect of acidosis on potassium (K$$^+) $$balance?

Accepted Answer

K$$^+$$ shifts out of cells, increasing plasma K$$^+$$ levels.

Question 9

Which of the following mechanisms is the most powerful and long-term regulator of blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Renal regulation

Question 10

A patient with severe vomiting loses a significant amount of stomach acid. Which acid-base disorder are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on kidney function?

Accepted Answer

Decreases Na$$^+$$ and water reabsorption

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the protein buffer system in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Proteins buffer changes in pH by binding or releasing hydrogen ions.

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete hydrogen ions efficiently. What acid-base disorder are they most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of edema in the interstitial space?

Accepted Answer

Impaired nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium and phosphate balance?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate reabsorption.

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions

Question 17

A patient with hyponatremia (low Na$$^+) is at $$risk for which of the following water imbalance disorders?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased ECF osmolarity on cell volume?

Accepted Answer

Cells lose water and shrink.

Question 19

Which of the following equations represents the renal compensation for acidosis?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{H^+ 	ext{ secreted into filtrate} ightarrow 	ext{removed in urine}} $$

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Water Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions