Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which inorganic compound is most likely involved, and what property of this compound is critical for nerve impulse transmission?

Accepted Answer

Salt; its ability to dissociate into ions in solution

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why water is an effective temperature buffer in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water has a high heat of vaporization, which means it requires a lot of energy to change from liquid to gas.

Question 4

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ M. What is the pH of this solution, and is it acidic, basic, or neutral?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = 4$$, acidic

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Forming polymers from monomers by removing a molecule of water.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct example of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide and nucleic acid

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder affecting the phospholipid bilayer of their cells. Which property of phospholipids is most directly responsible for the formation of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Their polar heads and nonpolar tails, leading to a bilayer arrangement

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated triglycerides have one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains, making them liquid at room temperature.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes decrease the activation energy required for a reaction, speeding up the reaction.

Question 10

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which type of membrane transport and solution is involved?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport (osmosis); hypotonic solution

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for the cell

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between tight junctions and gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions prevent the movement of substances between cells, while gap junctions allow communication and passage of ions.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein structure?

Accepted Answer

Primary is the sequence of amino acids; secondary is the folding into alpha helices and beta sheets; tertiary is the overall 3D shape; quaternary is the association of multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Shivering to increase body temperature when cold

Question 15

A scientist is studying a mixture that has uniform composition throughout and cannot be separated by filtration. Which type of mixture is this, and what is an example in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Solution; saline (salt water)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing a phosphate group.

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of fibrous proteins?

Accepted Answer

They are generally insoluble in water and provide structural support.

Question 18

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out of the cell against their concentration gradient. Which type of membrane transport is being used, and what is the energy source?

Accepted Answer

Active transport; ATP

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes have active sites with unique shapes that only fit specific substrates.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the storage of carbohydrates in animals and plants?

Accepted Answer

Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen, while plants store them as starch.

Foundations of Chemistry and Cell Biology in Anatomy & Physiology

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