Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides a physical barrier, regulates exchange with the environment, exhibits sensitivity, and supports cell-to-cell communication.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a high concentration of potassium ions and a net negative charge inside compared to the outside. What part of the cell is being described?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol

Question 3

Which of the following processes requires ATP and can move solutes against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

A cell is observed to engulf bacteria by forming pseudopodia around them. Which process is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for modifying proteins and packaging enzymes for renewal of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 6

What is the main structural component of the cytoskeleton that forms centrioles, cilia, and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face the extracellular and intracellular fluid, while hydrophobic tails face each other.

Question 9

A patient has a genetic defect affecting the function of lysosomes. Which of the following symptoms would MOST likely result?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of cellular debris and increased susceptibility to disease

Question 10

Which equation best represents the movement of molecules during simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of microvilli on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 12

Which organelle contains catalase and is abundant in liver cells to break down hydrogen peroxide?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 13

Which of the following cell junctions allows direct passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Gap junction

Question 14

A cell is observed to release waste products into the extracellular space using vesicles. Which process is being described?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

It involves specific ligands binding to receptors on the plasma membrane, triggering vesicle formation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleus in a cell?

Accepted Answer

It contains chromosomes and acts as the control center of the cell.

Question 17

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by paired chromatids lining up in the middle of the nuclear region?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Weak bonds of nitrogenous bases break, double strands unwind, DNA polymerase binds, ligases link complementary chains.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 20

Which equation best represents the rate of facilitated diffusion, assuming carrier saturation?

Accepted Answer

$$J = V_{max} \frac{[S]}{K_m + [S]}$$

Foundations of Human Anatomy: The Cell

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