Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between an element and an isotope?

Accepted Answer

Elements are defined by their atomic number, while isotopes are defined by their mass number.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following best describes the pH and acid-base balance in this condition?

Accepted Answer

The blood pH is above 7.45, indicating an excess of base relative to acid.

Question 3

Which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the dissociation of water and its relevance to pH?

Accepted Answer

$$H_2O \rightarrow H^+ + OH^-$$

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of enzymes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are consumed during the reaction and cannot be reused.

Question 6

A solution contains 0.01 mol/L of $$H^+. $$What is the pH of this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}(0.01) = 2$$

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Breaking down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides using water

Question 8

Which of the following best distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds always contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, while inorganic compounds do not.

Question 9

Which functional group is characteristic of amino acids and is responsible for their basic properties?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($$-NH_2$)

Question 10

Which of the following macromolecules is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 11

A patient is suffering from dehydration. Which property of water is most important for maintaining blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

Water's role as a universal solvent

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing a phosphate group.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed?

Accepted Answer

$$ATP + H_2O \rightarrow ADP + P_i + energy$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major macromolecules of life?

Accepted Answer

Steroids

Question 15

Which type of chemical reaction is responsible for the formation of peptide bonds in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 16

A buffer system in blood helps maintain pH by which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Releasing or binding $$H^+$$ ions to resist changes in pH

Question 17

Which of the following is a common misconception about enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are not specific and can catalyze any reaction.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why salts are important in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Salts dissociate into ions that help conduct electrical signals in nerves and muscles.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct representation of an isotope of carbon?

Accepted Answer

$$^{14}C$$

Question 20

Which of the following organic compound functional groups is found in nucleic acids and is essential for energy transfer?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$-PO_4$)

Fundamental Chemistry Concepts for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions