Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma (cell) membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It encloses the cell and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis via aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 3

A cell is placed in a solution containing 30% salt, while the cell's cytosol contains 10% salt. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between osmotic pressure ($$\Pi$$), solute concentration ($$C$$), gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T) in $$osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = CRT$$

Question 5

Which statement best explains the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol is the intracellular fluid within the cytoplasm, while cytoplasm includes cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA

Question 7

A mutation occurs during DNA replication, resulting in a change in the base sequence. Which of the following is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mutation may produce a functional but abnormal protein.

Question 8

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 9

During protein synthesis, which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It packages and distributes proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

There are 64 possible codons, each coding for a specific amino acid or stop signal.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the function of lysosomes in a white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

They digest ingested bacteria and viruses.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase → S phase → G2 phase → Mitosis

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Providing mechanical strength and supporting cell shape

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary strand of mRNA.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of secondary active transport in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of glucose in the intestine coupled with sodium transport

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of loss of contact inhibition in cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells divide uncontrollably, which can lead to cancer.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face the water-based extracellular and intracellular fluids, while hydrophobic tails face each other.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It assembles ribosomes.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of epigenetic changes in human cells?

Accepted Answer

They can silence genes without changing the base sequence, affecting differentiation and disease risk.

Fundamental Principles of Human Anatomy & Physiology: The Cell

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