Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons and partial charges on the molecule.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). Which type of bond holds the sodium and chloride ions together in solid NaCl, and what happens to these bonds when NaCl dissolves in water?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds; the bonds break as Na+ and Cl- ions dissociate in water.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP in human cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing a phosphate group.

Question 4

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure but retain its primary structure. Which property of the protein is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

The protein's ability to function properly due to loss of its 3D shape.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the dissociation of water and the resulting pH neutrality?

Accepted Answer

$$H_2O \rightarrow H^+ + OH^-$$

Question 6

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which ion is most likely involved in generating action potentials in muscle and nerve cells?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, causing kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. What type of solution is the cell in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solution; osmosis

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are essential for metabolic reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy and speeding up reactions.

Question 10

A patient with a genetic disorder cannot produce collagen. Which tissue type is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of tight junctions in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They form a barrier to prevent leakage between adjacent cells.

Question 12

A person is unable to absorb nutrients efficiently due to damage in the lining of their small intestine. Which type of epithelial tissue is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They generate ATP through aerobic respiration.

Question 14

A patient has a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes their condition?

Accepted Answer

The patient is in a state of acidosis.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells placed in pure water will swell and burst?

Accepted Answer

Water moves into the cell by osmosis because the inside of the cell is hypertonic relative to the outside.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Stem cells can divide and develop into specialized cells.

Question 17

A person is unable to produce insulin due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Which type of secretion is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine secretion

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between structure and function in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Protein function depends on its three-dimensional shape, which can be altered by denaturation.

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with anemia due to a lack of hemoglobin. Which type of biomolecule is hemoglobin, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Protein; transports oxygen

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Chemical and Cellular Basis, Tissues, and Cell Types

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