Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$

Question 1

Which of the following structures is found in the peripheral nervous system but NOT in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of myelin in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It insulates the axon, allowing for faster propagation of action potentials.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$

Question 4

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to demyelination. Which cell type is most likely affected in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why action potentials propagate faster in myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelination allows for saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is classified as a biogenic amine and is involved in mood regulation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 7

During an action potential, which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($Na^+$)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmitter release?

Accepted Answer

They store neurotransmitters and release them into the synaptic cleft upon stimulation.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about graded potentials is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials decrease in magnitude as they spread from the site of origin.

Question 10

A neuron receives multiple excitatory and inhibitory inputs simultaneously. Which process determines whether an action potential will be generated?

Accepted Answer

Integration of both spatial and temporal summation at the axon hillock

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between chemical and electrical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Chemical synapses transmit signals via neurotransmitter release, while electrical synapses transmit signals via direct ion flow through gap junctions.

Question 12

Which of the following events occurs at the peak of the action potential?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated $Na^+$ channels close and voltage-gated $K^+$ channels open.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the blood-brain barrier and regulating extracellular ion balance

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the effect of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) on the postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

IPSPs hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the ion with its primary role in the action potential?

Accepted Answer

$Na^+$: depolarization

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with a disease that impairs the function of microglia. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Impaired immune response in the central nervous system

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It is established by the $Na^+/K^+$ ATPase pump and selective permeability to $K^+$ ions.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the effect of summation on action potential generation?

Accepted Answer

Summation allows multiple subthreshold inputs to combine and reach the threshold for action potential generation.

Question 20

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most commonly associated with excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

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