Question 1

A patient suffers a stroke that damages the left frontal lobe, specifically Broca's area. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to result from this injury?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty producing coherent speech, while comprehension remains relatively intact

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It pumps $$\mathrm{3\ Na^+}$$ out and $$\mathrm{2\ K^+} in$$, using ATP, helping maintain a negative resting membrane potential.

Question 3

A person accidentally touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand. Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of components in the reflex arc involved in this response?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS integration center → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 4

Which of the following statements about myelination is correct?

Accepted Answer

Myelination increases the speed of action potential conduction by enabling saltatory conduction.

Question 5

A patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) experiences muscle weakness and impaired coordination. Which of the following best explains how MS leads to these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune attack on CNS myelin disrupts saltatory conduction, slowing or blocking nerve impulses.

Question 6

Which of the following best distinguishes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex.

Question 7

During an action potential, which event is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ channels and influx of $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$

Question 8

A neuron receives two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from the same presynaptic neuron in rapid succession. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that produce rapid responses.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They support neurons, help maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular environment.

Question 11

A local anesthetic is applied to a region of skin. Which of the following best explains how this blocks the sensation of pain?

Accepted Answer

It blocks voltage-gated $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ channels, preventing action potentials in sensory neurons.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitter effects is correct?

Accepted Answer

The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on the type of receptor it binds to.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between the absolute and relative refractory periods of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

During the absolute refractory period, no action potential can be generated, while during the relative refractory period, a stronger-than-normal stimulus may trigger one.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct comparison between continuous and saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons and allows action potentials to 'jump' between nodes, increasing conduction speed.

Question 15

A patient is unable to form new long-term memories after a head injury. Which brain structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of microglia in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They act as the main immune defense, removing debris and pathogens.

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates spatial summation at a postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous EPSPs from several different presynaptic neurons combine to reach threshold.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Regulating homeostasis and controlling the pituitary gland via the infundibulum

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

They myelinate axons in the PNS, increasing conduction velocity.

Question 20

A neuron has one axon and multiple dendrites extending from its cell body. According to structural classification, this neuron is:

Accepted Answer

Multipolar

Fundamentals of the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Signaling

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