Question 1

Which of the following structures is present in prokaryotic cells but absent in eukaryotic animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 2

During which process do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation in gametes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during meiosis

Question 3

A human somatic cell contains how many chromosomes, and what is the term for this chromosome number?

Accepted Answer

46 chromosomes; diploid

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between somatic cells and gametes in humans?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cells are diploid and produced by mitosis; gametes are haploid and produced by meiosis.

Question 5

Which of the following nucleotide base pairings is correct according to the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)

Question 6

A patient is found to have 47 chromosomes due to an extra copy of chromosome 21. Which process most likely failed to occur correctly?

Accepted Answer

Nondisjunction during meiosis

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why genetic variation is higher in gametes than in somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis includes crossing over and independent assortment, which shuffle genetic material.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of a haploid cell?

Accepted Answer

A cell with one set of unpaired chromosomes ($n$)

Question 9

If a mutation occurs during DNA replication in a somatic cell, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mutation will be passed to all daughter cells produced by mitosis from that cell.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the karyotype of a typical human female?

Accepted Answer

46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes

Question 11

A scientist is studying a cell that contains a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a cell wall, but no nucleus. What type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why individuals with XXY chromosomes may have a spectrum of physical traits?

Accepted Answer

Sex differentiation is influenced by both genetic and hormonal factors, leading to variation in traits.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Energy production via cellular respiration

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chromosome number in human gametes and somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

$n = 23$ in gametes; $2n = 46$ in somatic cells

Question 15

A geneticist is analyzing a DNA sequence and finds the following strand: $5'	ext{-}AGCTTACG-3'$. What is the complementary DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

$3'	ext{-}TCGAATGC-5'$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Division of a diploid cell to produce two identical diploid daughter cells

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of a chromosomal abnormality resulting from errors in meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Question 18

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

They contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 19

A person with a mutation in a gene located on the X chromosome may show different symptoms depending on their sex. Which concept explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Sex-linked inheritance

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why genetic and hormonal factors both influence the development of secondary sex characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Genes determine the potential for trait development, while hormones regulate the expression of these traits.

Genetics, Cell Structure, and Reproduction: Foundations for Anatomy & Physiology

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