Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

$$CO = Stroke\ Volume \times Heart\ Rate$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They attach the atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.

Question 2

A patient has a blockage in the left pulmonary artery. Which of the following will be directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Deoxygenated blood flow from the right ventricle to the left lung

Question 3

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all heart valves closed and ventricular pressure rising, but no blood is ejected?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 4

Which vessel layer is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 5

A person experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which receptor type detects this change and what is the immediate cardiovascular response?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors; increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction

Question 6

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium through the systemic circuit?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → systemic arteries → capillaries → systemic veins → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = Stroke\ Volume 	imes Heart\ Rate$$

Question 8

A patient with severe dehydration has increased blood viscosity. What effect will this have on blood pressure, and why?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure will increase because increased viscosity raises resistance to flow.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why veins are considered blood reservoirs?

Accepted Answer

They contain the majority of the body's blood volume at rest due to their thin, stretchable walls.

Question 10

Which sequence correctly describes the electrical conduction pathway in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 11

A patient has a stiff aorta due to atherosclerosis. Which of the following best describes the expected effect on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure will increase because stiff arteries cannot stretch to accommodate blood flow.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the main force responsible for fluid movement out of capillaries at the arterial end?

Accepted Answer

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 13

Which of the following arteries is the main supplier of blood to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Internal carotid artery

Question 14

Which heart sound is produced by the closing of the semilunar valves, and during which phase does this occur?

Accepted Answer

Dub; beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker tunica media and carry blood under higher pressure than veins.

Question 16

A person stands up quickly and feels dizzy due to a temporary drop in blood pressure. Which physiological mechanism helps restore blood pressure to normal?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex increases heart rate and causes vasoconstriction.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of arteries supplying the upper limb, starting from the heart?

Accepted Answer

Subclavian → Axillary → Brachial → Radial/Ulnar

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring higher pressure.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate, contractility, and causes vasoconstriction

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

At the venous end, osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure, causing fluid to move into the capillary.

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