Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of epithelial tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Covering body surfaces and lining internal cavities to provide protection and selective permeability

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that has destroyed both the epidermis and the entire dermis. Which of the following best describes the type of burn and its likely consequences?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree burn; loss of skin function and risk of fluid loss and infection

Question 3

Which of the following chemical bonds is primarily responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

A neuron is unable to generate an action potential because the membrane potential is at $-90\ \mathrm{mV}$. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The neuron is hyperpolarized and less likely to fire

Question 5

During muscle contraction, which of the following events occurs immediately after calcium ions bind to troponin?

Accepted Answer

Tropomyosin shifts to expose myosin-binding sites on actin

Question 6

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures due to decreased bone density. Which of the following best explains the underlying cellular mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Increased activity of osteoclasts relative to osteoblasts

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It pumps $3\ \mathrm{Na^+}$ out and $2\ \mathrm{K^+}$ in, creating an electrochemical gradient

Question 8

A patient is unable to extend their forearm at the elbow after an injury. Which muscle is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Triceps brachii

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Stores and releases calcium ions to trigger contraction

Question 10

A patient is experiencing numbness and tingling in the skin overlying the lateral forearm. Which nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cartilage heals more slowly than bone after injury?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and cells reach it slowly by diffusion

Question 12

A patient with a genetic defect in collagen synthesis would most likely have abnormalities in which tissue type?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone replaces a cartilage model during fetal development

Question 14

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder. Which muscle is most likely paralyzed?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on epithelial cells lining the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for absorption

Question 16

A patient with myasthenia gravis has antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following best describes the effect on muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Decreased muscle contraction due to impaired signal transmission

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between force, lever arm, and torque in the musculoskeletal system?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Torque} = \mathrm{Force} 	imes \mathrm{Lever\ Arm}$

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc compressing a spinal nerve. Which tissue type is primarily involved in the structure of the intervertebral disc?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the all-or-none principle of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Once threshold is reached, an action potential of fixed size is generated

Question 20

A patient is unable to dorsiflex their foot after a lower limb injury. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

HSCI 101: Anatomy & Physiology I – Syllabus and Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards