Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the growth and differentiation of the mammary gland during pregnancy and for initiating lactation in breast-feeding women?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 2

Which mode of secretion is responsible for the release of water, proteins, lactose, minerals, and antibodies in milk from the mammary gland?

Accepted Answer

Merocrine secretion

Question 3

A patient presents with symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Laboratory tests reveal normal ADH production but impaired response in the kidneys. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Renal diabetes insipidus due to defective ADH receptors or aquaporins

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors and the hormone-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription.

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and functions to lower blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 6

A patient with an adrenal cortex tumor is found to have elevated blood sodium levels and hypertension. Which zone of the adrenal cortex is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Question 7

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland during breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the feedback regulation of pituitary hormone release?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones regulate pituitary hormone secretion via the hypophyseal portal system.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of thyroxine ($$T_4) to $$triiodothyronine ($$T_3) in $$peripheral tissues?

Accepted Answer

$$T_4$$ \rightarrow $$T_3$$

Question 10

Which of the following cell types in the anterior pituitary is responsible for secreting growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

Somatotropes (acidophiles)

Question 11

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of $$\alpha-$$receptors in the action of adrenal medulla hormones?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of abdominal organs, lung, kidney, and skin

Question 13

Which hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis, and also promotes estrogen production in follicles?

Accepted Answer

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for membrane-impermeable hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds to membrane receptor $$\rightarrow$$ activation of second messenger $$\rightarrow$$ phosphorylation of proteins $$\rightarrow$$ cellular response

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and is involved in stress response and immune suppression?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 16

A patient with a thyroid disorder has elevated TSH levels but low T3 and T4. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Primary hypothyroidism due to thyroid gland dysfunction

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It delivers hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is produced by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates hormone secretion of the thyroid gland

Question 20

Which of the following equations represents the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \uparrow$$

Human Biology & Histology: The Mammary Gland and Endocrine System

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