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Human Physiology (BIOL 2424) – Syllabus Study Guide

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Course Overview: Human Physiology

Introduction

This course, BIOL 2424: Human Physiology, provides a comprehensive study of the functions of human organ systems, emphasizing the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. The course covers the physiological processes of the nervous, endocrine, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal systems, among others.

Course Structure and Delivery

Flex Class Format

  • Students may attend in-person or remotely via video conferencing (Zoom).

  • Laboratory sessions must be attended on campus.

  • Online resources and video lectures supplement in-person instruction.

Prerequisites

  • CHEM 1114 and BIOL 1124 or HSCI 2114

Textbook & Instructional Materials

  • Principles of Human Physiology by Stanfield

  • ISBN: 9780134071759

Major Topics and Weekly Outline

Summary of Topics by Week

Week

Topic

Chapters

1

Introduction to Physiology

1

2

Cell Structure and Function

2

3

Cell Metabolism

3

4

Cell Membrane Transport

4

5

Chemical Messengers

5

6-9

Nervous System: Cells, Signaling, Synaptic Transmission, Central and Peripheral Divisions

6-11

10-11

Endocrine System: Glands, Hormones, Regulation

16, 21

12

Muscle Physiology

12

13-14

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure

13-15

15

Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation, Gas Exchange, Regulation

16-17

16

Renal and Gastrointestinal Systems

18-20

Key Concepts and Definitions

Homeostasis

  • Definition: The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Involves feedback mechanisms (negative and positive feedback).

  • Example: Regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels.

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of life.

  • Major organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.

  • Example: Mitochondria produce ATP via cellular respiration.

Cell Membrane Transport

  • Passive Transport: Movement of substances across membranes without energy input (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).

  • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.

  • Example: Sodium-potassium pump ( ATPase).

Chemical Messengers

  • Types: Hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrines, autocrines.

  • Function: Facilitate communication between cells and organ systems.

  • Example: Insulin regulates blood glucose.

Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS.

  • Functions: Sensory input, integration, motor output.

  • Example: Reflex arc in response to a stimulus.

Endocrine System

  • Glands: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, etc.

  • Hormones: Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream.

  • Example: Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism.

Muscular System

  • Types of Muscle: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

  • Function: Movement, posture, heat production.

  • Example: Skeletal muscle contraction via sliding filament mechanism.

Cardiovascular System

  • Components: Heart, blood vessels, blood.

  • Functions: Transport of nutrients, gases, wastes; regulation of temperature and pH.

  • Example: Blood pressure regulation via baroreceptor reflex.

Respiratory System

  • Function: Gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out).

  • Structures: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli.

  • Example: Oxygen diffusion across alveolar membrane.

Renal System

  • Function: Filtration of blood, regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, waste excretion.

  • Structures: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

  • Example: Regulation of blood osmolarity by antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Gastrointestinal System

  • Function: Digestion and absorption of nutrients, waste elimination.

  • Structures: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs.

  • Example: Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine.

Course Learning Outcomes

  • Recognize mechanisms and regulation of homeostasis.

  • Explain the basic physiological processes of all body systems.

  • Discuss the interdependence among structural levels of organization in the body.

  • Analyze physiological scenarios and pathophysiology of common diseases.

  • Relate physiological processes to human body anatomy.

  • Perform proper laboratory procedures.

Assessment and Grading

Assignment Type

Percentage

Lecture Exams

50%

Lecture Quizzes

25%

Lab

25%

  • Grading Scale: A = 90-100%, B = 80-89%, C = 70-79%, D = 60-69%, F = 0-59%

Lab Policies and Expectations

  • Attendance is required; must attend at least 70% of lab activities.

  • Lab activities reinforce lecture concepts and help achieve course objectives.

  • Collaboration and preparation are essential for success in lab quizzes and activities.

Academic Integrity

  • Plagiarism, cheating, and dishonest conduct are strictly prohibited.

  • All work must be original or properly cited.

  • Violations may result in disciplinary action.

Support Services

  • Technical support for Canvas and online resources is available.

  • Academic support services include tutoring, counseling, and accessibility accommodations.

Key Dates

  • First Day of Term: August 18

  • Last Day to Drop with 100% Refund: August 22

  • Labor Day Holiday: September 1

  • Thanksgiving Holiday: November 24-29

  • Last Day of Term: December 13

Additional info: This guide is based on the course syllabus and is intended to provide a structured overview for exam preparation and course success in Human Physiology.

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