Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It reverses deviations from the set point, restoring regulated variables to their normal range.

Question 2

A patient is found to have decreased extracellular potassium ($$[K^+]_{ECF}). $$What effect would this have on the resting membrane potential of neurons?

Accepted Answer

The resting membrane potential would become more negative, decreasing excitability.

Question 3

Which equation correctly relates mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst because water enters the cell due to lower solute concentration outside.

Question 5

During the action potential of a neuron, which event is responsible for repolarization?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

Question 6

Which hormone is released by the parathyroid gland to regulate plasma calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 8

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to experience which acid-base disturbance, and what is the primary compensatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis; compensation by increased renal excretion of H+

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in chemical synaptic communication?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal, voltage-gated Ca$$^{2+}$$ channels open, neurotransmitter released by exocytosis.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the effect of aldosterone on renal function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the late distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting ducts.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) leads to increased stroke volume (SV) due to greater stretch of cardiac muscle fibers.

Question 12

Which of the following equations represents the relationship for minute ventilation ($$V_E$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$V_E = f 	imes V_T$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased plasma proteins on net filtration pressure (NFP) in systemic capillaries?

Accepted Answer

NFP decreases, leading to less fluid leaving the capillaries.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water permeability in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, promoting water reabsorption.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Polar molecules move down their concentration gradient via carrier proteins without ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of epinephrine during the sympathetic/adrenal (SAM) response to acute stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and mobilizes glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) at the axon hillock?

Accepted Answer

Summation determines whether the membrane potential reaches threshold for action potential initiation.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of increased sympathetic activity on mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

MAP increases due to vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids.

Human Physiology Syllabus and Core Concepts – Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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