Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic outcome?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 2

During spermatogenesis, how many functional sperm cells are produced from one primary spermatocyte, and what is the ploidy of each?

Accepted Answer

Four haploid sperm cells ($$n)$$

Question 3

Which of the following events prevents polyspermy during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

The cortical reaction causes the zona pellucida to harden, blocking additional sperm entry.

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with Turner syndrome. Which chromosomal abnormality is present in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Monosomy X ($$45,X)$$

Question 5

Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis?

Accepted Answer

Ectoderm

Question 6

A woman’s ovarian cycle is disrupted, and ovulation does not occur. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 7

Which structure forms the fetal portion of the placenta and is responsible for nutrient and gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Synctiotrophoblast

Question 8

A couple has a child with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. If both parents are carriers, what is the probability their next child will also have cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes capacitation in human reproduction?

Accepted Answer

The physiological changes sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract to become capable of fertilizing an egg.

Question 10

During which stage of labor is the placenta delivered?

Accepted Answer

Third stage

Question 11

Which embryonic membrane forms the fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the developing embryo?

Accepted Answer

Amnion

Question 12

A genetic cross between two heterozygous individuals for a single gene ($$Aa 	imes Aa) $$results in which expected genotypic ratio?

Accepted Answer

1:2:1 (AA:Aa:aa)

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-life example of a change in chromosome structure?

Accepted Answer

Cri du chat syndrome, caused by a deletion on chromosome 5

Question 14

Which phase of the uterine cycle is characterized by the rebuilding of the endometrium under the influence of estrogen?

Accepted Answer

Proliferative phase

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the yolk sac in early human development?

Accepted Answer

It is the initial site of blood cell formation.

Question 16

A male patient is found to have a genetic condition with the karyotype $$47,XXY. $$Which condition does he have?

Accepted Answer

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 17

Which process describes the formation of organs from the three embryonic germ layers?

Accepted Answer

Organogenesis

Question 18

If a trait is inherited in a codominant manner, which of the following is true for the heterozygote?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the cytotrophoblast during early embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

It provides a cellular layer that gives rise to the synctiotrophoblast.

Question 20

A woman gives birth to a child with Down syndrome. Which chromosomal abnormality is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Human Reproduction, Development, and Genetics: Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards