Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of inflammation during the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

To directly kill pathogens through antibody production

Question 2

Which cell type is the most common leukocyte in the blood, typically comprising 40-70% of white blood cells, and increases during bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 3

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion. Which immune mechanism is responsible for the destruction of the transfused red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies binding to foreign antigens on red blood cells, leading to cell lysis

Question 4

Which of the following statements about MHC molecules is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

MHC class I is expressed on all nucleated cells and presents endogenous antigens

Question 5

During a viral infection, which cell type increases in the blood to target infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 6

Which antibody class is most abundant in serum and is capable of crossing the placenta to provide early protection to newborns?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 7

A person with blood type O is considered the universal donor. Why?

Accepted Answer

Type O red blood cells lack both A and B antigens, so recipients' antibodies do not react to them

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of antibodies in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen clumping to facilitate phagocytosis

Question 9

Which process ensures self-tolerance by eliminating lymphocytes that react to self-antigens?

Accepted Answer

Negative selection and clonal deletion

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the activation of T cells?

Accepted Answer

T cells require three signals: TCR-MHC interaction, co-stimulation, and cytokine context

Question 11

Which subset of T cells is essential for activating B cells and orchestrating the adaptive immune response, and is targeted by HIV?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells (CD4+)

Question 12

Which antibody class is primarily involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Primary response is slower and produces mainly IgM; secondary response is faster and produces more IgG

Question 14

Which of the following is a hallmark of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-specific responses mediated by lymphocytes

Question 15

Which equation best represents the relationship between the percentage of vaccinated individuals required for herd immunity and the basic reproduction number ($$R_0) of a $$pathogen?

Accepted Answer

$$H = 1 - \frac{1}{R_0$}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the universal recipient blood type?

Accepted Answer

AB individuals have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma

Question 17

Which of the following is a professional antigen-presenting cell capable of presenting exogenous antigens on MHC class II molecules?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cell

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of failed self-tolerance in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis or myasthenia gravis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of opsonization by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies tag pathogens to enhance phagocytosis by innate immune cells

Question 20

Which vaccine type is most likely to mimic the natural route of infection and induce a strong immune response, but may pose a risk to immunocompromised individuals?

Accepted Answer

Live attenuated vaccine

Immunology: Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Antibodies, Immune Pathologies, and Vaccination

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