Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive defenses in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Innate defenses provide immediate, nonspecific protection, while adaptive defenses develop more slowly and are specific to particular antigens.

Question 2

Which process is depicted in the second image, showing a cell engulfing and digesting bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 3

During the inflammatory response, which event directly leads to the redness and heat observed at the site of injury?

Accepted Answer

Arteriole dilation and local hyperemia

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the role of interferons in the innate immune response, as shown in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

They are secreted by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells and induce synthesis of antiviral proteins.

Question 5

The formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC), as shown in the fifth image, is a result of which immune process?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the complement cascade leading to cell lysis

Question 6

Which statement about antigenic determinants, as illustrated in the sixth image, is correct?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic determinants are the parts of an antigen that are recognized and bound by antibodies.

Question 7

During T cell maturation, what is the outcome if a developing T cell fails to recognize self-MHC proteins, as shown in the seventh image?

Accepted Answer

It undergoes apoptosis and is eliminated.

Question 8

Negative selection of T cells, as shown in the eighth image, is important for which of the following reasons?

Accepted Answer

It eliminates T cells that bind too tightly to self-antigens, preventing autoimmune disease.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the primary humoral immune response, as depicted in the ninth image?

Accepted Answer

B cells are activated by their first encounter with an antigen, proliferate, and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 10

What is the main advantage of the secondary immune response, as shown in the tenth and eleventh images?

Accepted Answer

It is faster and produces a larger quantity of antibodies due to the presence of memory B cells.

Question 11

Which region of the antibody molecule, as shown in the twelfth image, determines the class and effector function of the antibody?

Accepted Answer

Constant (C) region

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which antibodies inactivate antigens, as shown in the thirteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Direct cell lysis without complement activation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation to helper T cells, as shown in the fourteenth image?

Accepted Answer

A dendritic cell engulfs an antigen, processes it, and displays it on a class II MHC protein for recognition by CD4 T cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life example of passive, artificially acquired humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving an injection of gamma globulin after exposure to hepatitis

Question 15

A patient with a genetic defect preventing the formation of complement proteins would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reduced inflammation and impaired ability to lyse bacteria

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during infection?

Accepted Answer

It causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc, which bacteria need to multiply.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T (TReg) cells?

Accepted Answer

Suppressing self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune reactions

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of opsonization in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

It is the coating of pathogens with antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely occur if the immune system lost the ability to distinguish self from non-self antigens?

Accepted Answer

Development of autoimmune diseases

Question 20

A patient receives a kidney transplant and is prescribed immunosuppressive drugs. Which immune cells are primarily targeted to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses: The Immune System

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