Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the formation of an antigen-antibody complex?

$$Ab + Ag = Ab\text{-}Ag\ Complex$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is non-specific and present at birth, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT considered a mechanical barrier in the body's first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Sebum

Question 3

A patient presents with swelling, redness, heat, and pain at an injury site. Which process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation

Question 4

Which chemical barrier is responsible for breaking down bacterial cell walls in tears and saliva?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme

Question 5

What is the primary function of transferrins in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Bind to iron and inhibit bacterial growth by limiting iron availability

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

The coating of a pathogen's plasma membrane to enhance phagocyte attachment

Question 7

Natural Killer (NK) cells are unique among lymphocytes because they:

Accepted Answer

Lack antigen-specific surface markers and kill a wide range of pathogens via apoptosis or cytolysis

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adherence → Ingestion → Digestion → Killing

Question 9

During inflammation, which chemical is primarily responsible for increased permeability and vasodilation of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 10

A child receives antibodies from her mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 11

Which immune response is primarily responsible for fighting intracellular pathogens such as viruses inside host cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the activation of complement proteins?

Accepted Answer

They enhance immune functions such as inflammation, chemotaxis, opsonization, and cytolysis.

Question 13

Which cell type matures in the thymus and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

T-cells

Question 14

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the second time. Which feature of adaptive immunity allows for a faster and stronger response?

Accepted Answer

Memory

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the formation of an antigen-antibody complex?

Accepted Answer

$$Ab + Ag = Ab	ext{-}Ag\ Complex$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of antibodies in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Tagging antigens for destruction by other mechanisms

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of cytolysis?

Accepted Answer

The bursting of a microbe due to extracellular fluid inflow after perforation of its plasma membrane

Question 18

Which of the following is a chemical barrier that discourages bacterial and fungal growth in the vagina?

Accepted Answer

Acidic pH of vaginal secretions

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of the three basic stages of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation and increased permeability → Phagocytic emigration → Tissue repair

Question 20

Which equation best represents the effect of fever on the rate of tissue repair, assuming a direct proportionality between temperature and repair rate?

Accepted Answer

$$R = kT$$

Innate and Adaptive Defenses: Immunity in Anatomy & Physiology

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