Question 1

Which pigment is primarily responsible for protecting DNA from UV radiation in human skin?

Accepted Answer

Melanin

Question 2

A patient presents with a yellowish skin tone. Which pigment is most likely responsible for this coloration, and what vitamin can it be converted to?

Accepted Answer

Carotene; Vitamin A

Question 3

Which accessory organ of the skin is responsible for producing sebum, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous gland; lubricates and protects skin and hair

Question 4

During bone remodeling, which cell type is responsible for breaking down bone matrix, and what enzyme do they use?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; lysosomal enzymes

Question 5

A fracture that penetrates the skin is classified as which type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

Compound (open)

Question 6

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which type of synovial joint allows movement in one plane only, such as the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Hinge joint

Question 8

A patient with osteoporosis is advised to increase weight-bearing exercise and intake of which nutrients to help prevent further bone loss?

Accepted Answer

Calcium and vitamin D

Question 9

Which structure in a long bone contains the marrow and is surrounded by compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Medullary cavity

Question 10

Which process describes the formation of bone from a cartilage model, and what is the primary cell type involved?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification; chondrocytes

Question 11

Which movement at a synovial joint describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Accepted Answer

Abduction

Question 12

Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle shortens as it contracts, such as lifting a weight?

Accepted Answer

Concentric contraction

Question 13

What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

It binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane to trigger an action potential

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of ATP to ADP during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i}$$

Question 15

Which layer of bone is responsible for supplying nerves and blood vessels to the bone through nutrient foramina?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum

Question 16

A patient with Paget's disease is likely to have which of the following bone characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Thickened, disorganized bone structure

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Stores and releases calcium ions

Question 18

Which type of gland is responsible for thermoregulatory sweating and is most numerous on the palms and soles?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine gland

Question 19

Which equation represents the process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, where calcium is released into the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}_{bone} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}_{blood}$$

Question 20

Which movement at a synovial joint describes turning the palm upward?

Accepted Answer

Supination

Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Joints, and Muscle Tissue: Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions