Question 1

Which statement best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function in anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

The structure of the heart valves causes the blood to flow in only one direction when the heart pumps.

Question 2

A biologist uses MRI data to compare the shape of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, and esophagus for 100 subjects who complain of regular heartburn and 100 subjects who do not experience heartburn. Is this approach more anatomical or physiological?

Accepted Answer

Anatomical

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why it is important to have some knowledge of anatomy in order to study physiology?

Accepted Answer

It is important because how something functions (physiology) is directly dependent on its structure (anatomy).

Question 4

Given the following levels of organization: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, which represents the correct hierarchy from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organism

Question 5

Statins are medications that lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. At what level of organization do statins work most directly?

Accepted Answer

Cellular level

Question 6

Which of the following activities would most likely be performed by someone that considers themselves a physiologist?

Accepted Answer

Grow liver cells in cell culture to measure how quickly they metabolize alcohol in different conditions.

Question 7

People who lift weights or participate in similar resistance exercises will typically have bones that are thicker and new structure internally compared to people who do not lift weights. Is the difference between people who lift weights and those who don’t a difference in anatomy or a difference in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy

Question 8

Which statement about the levels of organization in anatomy and physiology is most correct?

Accepted Answer

Changes to anatomy or physiology at one level are likely to affect function at many other levels.

Question 9

During a cancer screening, a doctor may choose to screen using histological or cytological methods. Cytological methods are often less invasive than histological methods. Why?

Accepted Answer

Cytology usually looks at individual cells which can be collected without greatly disturbing the entire tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following is the most common cited cause of medical error during surgery?

Accepted Answer

Anatomical variation

Question 11

A reference body is used for learning anatomy. Why can defining 'normal variation' be difficult?

Accepted Answer

Because structures must be able to perform life's functions, but there is extreme variation among individuals.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Structure exists to perform a function; to understand why an organ is shaped a certain way, you must understand what it does.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of anatomical study rather than physiological study?

Accepted Answer

Comparing the shape of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, and esophagus using MRI data.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about anatomical variation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Textbooks usually present only one blood vessel branching structure, but in reality, there are many variations.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct order of levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Molecule} ightarrow 	ext{Cell} ightarrow 	ext{Tissue} ightarrow 	ext{Organ} ightarrow 	ext{Organism}$

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of anatomical variation in the hepatic artery branching patterns?

Accepted Answer

Surgeons may encounter unexpected blood vessel arrangements during procedures, increasing the risk of error.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes why statins reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke?

Accepted Answer

Statins lower cholesterol production in the liver, which leads to lower cholesterol levels and less plaque formation on artery walls.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of how structure and function are related at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Electric charge in neurons is maintained through a gradient of ions across the cell membrane.

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Structure, Function, and Organization

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