Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of regulatory control?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses electrical impulses for quick, brief responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and thirst following a head injury that damaged the hypothalamus. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is the resulting condition?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Release of oxytocin during childbirth to intensify uterine contractions

Question 4

Amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects on target cells by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to plasma membrane receptors and activating second-messenger systems

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is one of its primary actions?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 6

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

High metabolic rate due to autoimmune stimulation of thyroid hormone release

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why a single hormone can produce different effects in different target cells?

Accepted Answer

Different target cells have different receptors or quantities of receptors for the hormone.

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone – increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 9

A patient is experiencing symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome, including high blood glucose and muscle wasting. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–target endocrine organ feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

It ensures that hormones from target organs inhibit further release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the action of a lipid-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Hormone enters cell → binds to intracellular receptor → receptor-hormone complex binds DNA → mRNA is transcribed

Question 12

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis due to increased fatty acid metabolism

Question 13

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it

Question 14

Which of the following is a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); adrenal cortex

Question 15

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex would most likely have abnormal levels of which hormone, and what would be a likely symptom?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; high blood pressure due to increased sodium reabsorption

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

It regulates day/night cycles and may influence timing of puberty.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its effect on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon – increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones generally have a longer half-life in the blood compared to amino acid-based hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins, which protects them from rapid degradation.

Question 19

A child is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is a key symptom?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); short stature with normal body proportions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of thymosins produced by the thymus gland?

Accepted Answer

They are essential for the normal production and programming of T-cells involved in immunity.

Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, and the Endocrine System

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