Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of negative feedback in homeostatic control mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

It shuts off or reduces the intensity of the original effect of the stimulus.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and thirst following head trauma. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium ($$Ca^{2+}) $$levels and acts to increase $$Ca^{2+}$$ concentration in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a hormone only affects specific target cells?

Accepted Answer

Target cells have specific receptors for that hormone, which bind to the hormone like a lock and key.

Question 5

Amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid hormone) exert their effects through second-messenger systems. Which of the following is NOT a second-messenger system used by these hormones?

Accepted Answer

Direct gene activation

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids, and what is its regulation mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

Question 7

A patient with hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) during adulthood is likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones such as steroid and thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to intracellular receptors, enter the nucleus, and initiate DNA transcription to produce mRNA.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production in females?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 10

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Enlarged thyroid gland and elevated thyroid hormone levels

Question 11

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to neural stimulation and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys, increasing blood volume and blood pressure

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 14

A patient with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following metabolic consequences?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose, glycosuria, and ketoacidosis

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it, opposing each other's actions.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence for hormonal regulation involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and a target endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic hormone → anterior pituitary hormone → target endocrine organ hormone

Question 17

Which of the following is a primary effect of thyroid hormone (TH) on the body?

Accepted Answer

Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production

Question 18

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating day/night cycles and physiological rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 19

A patient with hyposecretion of thyroid hormone due to iodine deficiency is likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Goiter

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of thymosins produced by the thymus gland?

Accepted Answer

They are essential for the normal production and programming of T-cells involved in immunity.

Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, and the Endocrine System

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards