Q: Which hormone produced by the pancreas acts to lower blood glucose levels, and what is the formula for calculating blood glucose concentration after insulin administration if initial concentration is $C_0$ and insulin lowers it by $x\%$?

Insulin; $C = C_0 \times (1 - \frac{x}{100})$

Question 1

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, and what is its primary effect on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of drowsiness and disrupted sleep-wake cycles. Which gland and hormone are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Pineal gland; melatonin

Question 3

Which structure in the pineal gland is used as a landmark in brain imaging, and what is its composition?

Accepted Answer

Pineal sand; calcium salts

Question 4

A histology slide shows follicles filled with colloid and surrounded by follicular cells. Which gland is this, and what hormone do the follicular cells secrete?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid gland; thyroxine ($T_4$)

Question 5

Which hormone is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone; initiates male secondary sexual characteristics

Question 6

If a patient has abnormally low parathyroid hormone ($PTH$) levels, what would you expect to see in their blood calcium concentration?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood calcium

Question 7

Which layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting mineralocorticoids, and what is the main mineralocorticoid produced?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa; aldosterone

Question 8

A patient with diabetes mellitus has high blood glucose levels. Which pancreatic cell type is most likely malfunctioning, and which hormone is deficient?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; insulin

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone ($TSH$)

Question 10

Which endocrine gland shrinks with age and is involved in the development of lymphocytes for immune response?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 11

A patient has symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, and high blood glucose. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and what is its main target organ?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone ($PTH$); bones

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and what is its effect on the body during stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 14

Which two major hormones are produced by the ovary?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 15

A patient with an adrenal cortex tumor is producing excess cortisol. What syndrome might this patient develop?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 16

Which cell type in the anterior pituitary is responsible for secreting growth hormone ($GH$)?

Accepted Answer

Acidophils

Question 17

If melatonin secretion is disrupted, which physiological process is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Sleep-wake cycle

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone ($ADH$)

Question 19

A patient with low thyroid hormone levels presents with fatigue and weight gain. Which hormone is likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine ($T_4$)

Question 20

Which hormone produced by the pancreas acts to lower blood glucose levels, and what is the formula for calculating blood glucose concentration after insulin administration if initial concentration is $C_0$ and insulin lowers it by $x\%$?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; $C = C_0 	imes (1 - \frac{x}{100})$

Introduction to Endocrine System Lab: Anatomy & Physiology II

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